12.2. Background#

A semaphore can be viewed as a protected variable whose value can be modified only with the rtems_semaphore_create, rtems_semaphore_obtain, and rtems_semaphore_release directives. RTEMS supports both binary and counting semaphores. A binary semaphore is restricted to values of zero or one, while a counting semaphore can assume any non-negative integer value.

A binary semaphore (not a simple binary semaphore) can be used to control access to a single resource. In particular, it can be used to enforce mutual exclusion for a critical section in user code (mutex). In this instance, the semaphore would be created with an initial count of one to indicate that no task is executing the critical section of code. Upon entry to the critical section, a task must issue the rtems_semaphore_obtain directive to prevent other tasks from entering the critical section. Upon exit from the critical section, the task that obtained the binary semaphore must issue the rtems_semaphore_release directive to allow another task to execute the critical section. A binary semaphore must be released by the task that obtained it.

A counting semaphore can be used to control access to a pool of two or more resources. For example, access to three printers could be administered by a semaphore created with an initial count of three. When a task requires access to one of the printers, it issues the rtems_semaphore_obtain directive to obtain access to a printer. If a printer is not currently available, the task can wait for a printer to become available or return immediately. When the task has completed printing, it should issue the rtems_semaphore_release directive to allow other tasks access to the printer.

Task synchronization may be achieved by creating a semaphore with an initial count of zero. One task waits for the arrival of another task by issuing a rtems_semaphore_obtain directive when it reaches a synchronization point. The other task performs a corresponding rtems_semaphore_release operation when it reaches its synchronization point, thus unblocking the pending task.

12.2.1. Nested Resource Access#

Deadlock occurs when a task owning a binary semaphore attempts to acquire that same semaphore and blocks as result. Since the semaphore is allocated to a task, it cannot be deleted. Therefore, the task that currently holds the semaphore and is also blocked waiting for that semaphore will never execute again.

RTEMS addresses this problem by allowing the task holding the binary semaphore to obtain the same binary semaphore multiple times in a nested manner. Each rtems_semaphore_obtain must be accompanied with a rtems_semaphore_release. The semaphore will only be made available for acquisition by other tasks when the outermost rtems_semaphore_obtain is matched with a rtems_semaphore_release.

Simple binary semaphores do not allow nested access and so can be used for task synchronization.

12.2.2. Priority Inheritance#

RTEMS supports priority inheritance for local, binary semaphores that use the priority task wait queue blocking discipline. In SMP configurations, the O(m) Independence-Preserving Protocol (OMIP) is used instead.

12.2.3. Priority Ceiling#

RTEMS supports priority ceiling for local, binary semaphores that use the priority task wait queue blocking discipline.

12.2.5. Building a Semaphore Attribute Set#

In general, an attribute set is built by a bitwise OR of the desired attribute components. The following table lists the set of valid semaphore attributes:

`RTEMS_FIFO`	tasks wait by FIFO (default)
`RTEMS_PRIORITY`	tasks wait by priority
`RTEMS_BINARY_SEMAPHORE`	restrict values to 0 and 1
`RTEMS_COUNTING_SEMAPHORE`	no restriction on values (default)
`RTEMS_SIMPLE_BINARY_SEMAPHORE`	restrict values to 0 and 1, do not allow nested access, allow deletion of locked semaphore.
`RTEMS_NO_INHERIT_PRIORITY`	do not use priority inheritance (default)
`RTEMS_INHERIT_PRIORITY`	use priority inheritance
`RTEMS_NO_PRIORITY_CEILING`	do not use priority ceiling (default)
`RTEMS_PRIORITY_CEILING`	use priority ceiling
`RTEMS_NO_MULTIPROCESSOR_RESOURCE_SHARING`	do not use Multiprocessor Resource Sharing Protocol (default)
`RTEMS_MULTIPROCESSOR_RESOURCE_SHARING`	use Multiprocessor Resource Sharing Protocol
`RTEMS_LOCAL`	local semaphore (default)
`RTEMS_GLOBAL`	global semaphore

Attribute values are specifically designed to be mutually exclusive, therefore bitwise OR and addition operations are equivalent as long as each attribute appears exactly once in the component list. An attribute listed as a default is not required to appear in the attribute list, although it is a good programming practice to specify default attributes. If all defaults are desired, the attribute RTEMS_DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTES should be specified on this call.

This example demonstrates the attribute_set parameter needed to create a local semaphore with the task priority waiting queue discipline. The attribute_set parameter passed to the rtems_semaphore_create directive could be either RTEMS_PRIORITY or RTEMS_LOCAL | RTEMS_PRIORITY. The attribute_set parameter can be set to RTEMS_PRIORITY because RTEMS_LOCAL is the default for all created tasks. If a similar semaphore were to be known globally, then the attribute_set parameter would be RTEMS_GLOBAL | RTEMS_PRIORITY.

Some combinatinos of these attributes are invalid. For example, priority ordered blocking discipline must be applied to a binary semaphore in order to use either the priority inheritance or priority ceiling functionality. The following tree figure illustrates the valid combinations.

12.2.6. Building a SEMAPHORE_OBTAIN Option Set#

In general, an option is built by a bitwise OR of the desired option components. The set of valid options for the rtems_semaphore_obtain directive are listed in the following table:

`RTEMS_WAIT`	task will wait for semaphore (default)
`RTEMS_NO_WAIT`	task should not wait

Option values are specifically designed to be mutually exclusive, therefore bitwise OR and addition operations are equivalent as long as each attribute appears exactly once in the component list. An option listed as a default is not required to appear in the list, although it is a good programming practice to specify default options. If all defaults are desired, the option RTEMS_DEFAULT_OPTIONS should be specified on this call.

This example demonstrates the option parameter needed to poll for a semaphore. The option parameter passed to the rtems_semaphore_obtain directive should be RTEMS_NO_WAIT.

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