2. Directory Structure¶

The RTEMS directory structure is designed to meet the following requirements:

encourage development of modular components.
isolate processor and target dependent code, while allowing as much common source code as possible to be shared across multiple processors and target boards.
allow multiple RTEMS users to perform simultaneous compilation of RTEMS and its support facilities for different processors and targets.

The resulting directory structure has processor and board dependent source files isolated from generic files. When RTEMS is configured and built, object directories and an install point will be automatically created based upon the target CPU family and BSP selected.

The placement of object files based upon the selected BSP name ensures that object files are not mixed across CPUs or targets. This in combination with the makefiles allows the specific compilation options to be tailored for a particular target board. For example, the efficiency of the memory subsystem for a particular target board may be sensitive to the alignment of data structures, while on another target board with the same processor memory may be very limited. For the first target, the options could specify very strict alignment requirements, while on the second the data structures could be packed to conserve memory. It is impossible to achieve this degree of flexibility without providing source code.

The RTEMS source tree is organized based on the following variables:

functionality,
target processor family,
target processor model,
peripherals, and
target board.

Each of the following sections will describe the contents of the directories in the RTEMS source tree. The top of the tree will be referenced as ${RTEMS_ROOT} in this discussion.

rtems-VERSION
|
+--------+----+----+----+--+-----+---+-------+--------+
|        |    |    |       |     |   |       |        |
aclocal automake c contrib  cpukit doc make testsuites tools

${RTEMS_ROOT}/aclocal/: This directory contains the custom M4 macros which are available to the various GNU autoconf configure.ac scripts throughout the RTEMS source tree. GNU autoconf interprets configure.ac files to produce the configure files used to tailor RTEMS build for a particular host and target environment. The contents of this directory will not be discussed further in this document.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/automake/: This directory contains the custom GNU automake fragments which are used to support the various Makefile.am files throughout the RTEMS source tree. The contents of this directory will not be discussed further in this document.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/: This directory is the root of the portions of the RTEMS source tree which must be built tailored for a particular CPU model or BSP. The contents of this directory will be discussed in the c/ Directory section.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/: This directory is the root for all of the “multilib’able” portions of RTEMS. This is a GNU way of saying the contents of this directory can be compiled like the C Library (libc.a) and the functionality is neither CPU model nor BSP specific. The source code for most RTEMS services reside under this directory. The contents of this directory will be discussed in the CPU Kit Directory section.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/make/: This directory contains files which support the RTEMS Makefile’s. From a user’s perspective, the most important parts are found in the custom/ subdirectory. Each ”.cfg” file in this directory is associated with a specific BSP and describes the CPU model, compiler flags, and procedure to produce an executable for the target board. These files are described in detail in the*RTEMS BSP and Device Driver Development Guide* and will not be discussed further in this document.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/: This directory contains the test suites for the various RTEMS APIs and support libraries. The contents of this directory are discussed in the testsuites/ Test Suites section.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/tools/: This directory contains RTEMS specific support utilities which execute on the development host. These utilities are divided into subdirectories based upon whether they are used in the process of building RTEMS and applications, are CPU specific, or are used to assist in updating the RTEMS source tree and applications. The support utilities used in the process of building RTEMS are described in Chapter 4 - RTEMS Specific Utilities. These are the only components of this subtree that will be discussed in this document.

2.1. c/ Directory¶

The ${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/ directory was formerly the root directory of all RTEMS source code. At this time, it contains the root directory for only those RTEMS components which must be compiled or linked in a way that is specific to a particular CPU model or board. This directory contains the following subdirectories:

${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/: This directory is logically the root for the RTEMS components which are CPU model or board dependent. Thus this directory is the root for the BSPs and the Ada Test Suites as well as CPU model and BSP dependent libraries. The contents of this directory are discussed in the c/src/ Directory section.

2.1.1. c/src/ Directory¶

As mentioned previously, this directory is logically the root for the RTEMS components which are CPU model or board dependent. The following is a list of the subdirectories in this directory and a description of each.

${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/aclocal/: This directory contains the custom M4 macros which are available to the various GNU autoconf configure.ac scripts throughout this portion of the RTEMS source tree. GNU autoconf interprets``configure.ac`` files to produce the configure files used to tailor RTEMS build for a particular host and target environment. The contents of this directory will not be discussed further in this document.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/ada/: This directory contains the Ada95 language bindings to the RTEMS Classic API.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/ada-tests/: This directory contains the test suite for the Ada language bindings to the Classic API.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/automake/: This directory contains files which are “Makefile fragments.” They are included as required by the various Makefile.am files throughout this portion of the RTEMS source tree.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/lib/: This directory contains the directories libbsp/ and libcpu/ which contain the source code for the Board Support Packages (BSPs) and CPU Model specific source code for RTEMS. The libbsp/ is organized based upon the CPU family and boards BSPs. The contents of libbsp/ are discussed briefly in c/src/lib/libbsp BSP Directory and presented in detail in the*RTEMS BSP and Device Driver Development Guide*. The libcpu/ directory is also organized by CPU family with further divisions based upon CPU model and features that are shared across CPU models such as caching and DMA.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/libchip/: This directory contains device drivers for various peripheral chips which are designed to be CPU and board dependent. This directory contains a variety of drivers for serial devices, network interface controllers, shared memory and real-time clocks.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/librtems++/: This directory contains C++ classes which map to the RTEMS Classic API.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/make/: This directory is used to generate the bulk of the supporting rules files which are installed as part of the Application Makefiles. This file contains settings for various Makefile variables to tailor them to the particular CPU model and BSP configured.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/nfsclient/: This directory contains a Network File System (NFS) client for RTEMS. With this file system, a user’s application can access files on a remote computer.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/support/: This directory exists solely to generate the RTEMS version string which includes the RTEMS version, CPU architecture, CPU model, and BSP name.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/c/src/wrapup/: This directory is responsible for taking the individual libraries and objects built in each of the components in the RTEMS source tree and bundling them together to form the single RTEMS library librtemsbsp.a. This library contains all BSP and CPU model specific software.

2.1.1.1. c/src/lib/libbsp BSP Directory¶

The “libbsp” directory contains a directory for each CPU family supported by RTEMS. Beneath each CPU directory is a directory for each BSP for that processor family.

The “libbsp” directory provides all the BSPs provided with this release of the RTEMS executive. The subdirectories are divided, as discussed previously, based on specific processor family, then further broken down into specific target board environments. The “no_cpu” subdirectory provides a starting point template BSP which can be used to develop a specific BSP for an unsupported target board. The files in this subdirectory may aid in preliminary testing of the RTEMS development environment that has been built for no particular target in mind.

Below each CPU dependent directory is a directory for each target BSP supported in this release.

Each BSP provides the modules which comprise an RTEMS BSP. The modules are separated into the subdirectories “clock”, “console”, “include”, “shmsupp”, “startup”, and “timer” as shown in the following figure:

Each BSP
|
+-----------+----------+-----+-----+----------+----------+
|           |          |           |          |          |
clock      console    include     shmsupp    startup     timer

2.2. CPU Kit Directory¶

The @code{cpukit/} directory structure is as follows:

cpukit
|
+-----------+----------+-----------+----------+
|           |          |           |          |
posix       rtems       sapi       score     wrapup

The cpukit/ directory contains a set of subdirectories which contains the source files comprising the executive portion of the RTEMS development environment as well as portable support libraries such as support for the C Library and filesystems. The API specific and “SuperCore” (e.g. score/ directory) source code files are separated into distinct directory trees.

The following is a description of each of the subdirectories under cpukit/:

${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/aclocal/: This directory contains the custom M4 macros which are available to the various GNU autoconf configure.ac scripts throughout the CPU Kit portion of the RTEMS source tree. GNU autoconf interprets configure.ac files to produce the configure files used to tailor RTEMS build for a particular host and target environment. The contents of this directory will not be discussed further in this document.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/automake/: This directory contains files which are “Makefile fragments.” They are included as required by the various Makefile.am files throughout the CPU Kit portion of the RTEMS source tree.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/ftpd/: This directory contains the RTEMS ftpd server.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/mhttpd/: This directory contains the port of the Mongoose web server to RTEMS.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/include/: This directory contains header files which are private to RTEMS and not considered to be owned by any other component in the CPU Kit.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libblock/: This directory contains support code for using Block Devices such as hard drives, floppies, and CD-ROMs. It includes the generic IO primitives for block device drivers, disk caching support, and a RAM disk block device driver.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libcsupport/: This directory contains the RTEMS specific support routines for the Newlib C Library. This includes what are referred to as system calls and found in section 2 of the traditional UNIX manual. In addition, it contains a thread-safe implementation of the Malloc family of routines as well as BSD and POSIX services not found in Newlib.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libfs/: This directory contains the various non-networked filesystem implementations for RTEMS. It includes the In-Memory FileSystem (IMFS), the mini-IMFS, and FAT filesystems.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libi2c/: This directory contains the RTEMS I2C framework.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libmd/: This directory contains a port of the standard MD5 checksum code.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libmisc/: This directory contains support facilities which are RTEMS specific but otherwise unclassified. In general, they do not adhere to a standard API. Among the support facilities in this directory are a /dev/null device driver, the Stack Overflow Checker, a mini-shell, the CPU and rate monotonic period usage monitoring libraries, and a utility to “dump a buffer” in a nicely formatted way similar to many ROM monitors.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libnetworking/: This directory contains the port of the FreeBSD TCP/IP stack to RTEMS.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/librpc/: This directory contains the port of the FreeBSD RPC/XDR source to RTEMS.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/libpci/: This directory contains RTEMS PCI Library.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/posix/: This directory contains the RTEMS implementation of the threading portions of the POSIX API.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/pppd/: This directory contains a port of the free implementation of the PPPD network protocol.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/rtems/: This directory contains the implementation of the Classic API.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/sapi/: This directory contains the implementation of RTEMS services which are required but beyond the realm of any standardization efforts. It includes initialization, shutdown, and IO services.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/score/: This directory contains the “SuperCore” of RTEMS. All APIs are implemented in terms of SuperCore services. For example, Classic API tasks and POSIX threads are all implemented in terms of SuperCore threads. This provides a common infrastructure and a high degree of interoperability between the APIs. For example, services from all APIs may be used by any task/thread independent of the API used to create it. Within the score/ directory the CPU dependent modules are found. The score/cpu/ subdirectory contains a subdirectory for each target CPU supported by this release of the RTEMS executive. Each processor directory contains the CPU dependent code necessary to host RTEMS. The no_cpu directory provides a starting point for developing a new port to an unsupported processor. The files contained within the no_cpu directory may also be used as a reference for the other ports to specific processors.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/telnetd/: This directory contains the RTEMS telnetd server.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/wrapup/: This directory is responsible for taking the individual libraries and objects built in each of the components in the RTEMS CPU Kit source tree and bundling them together to form the single RTEMS library librtemscpu.a. This library contains all BSP and CPU model specific software.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/cpukit/zlib/: This directory contains a port of the GNU Zlib compression library to RTEMS.

2.3. testsuites/ Test Suites¶

This directory provides all of the RTEMS Test Suite except those for the Classic API Ada95 binding This includes the single processor tests, multiprocessor tests, timing tests, library tests, and sample tests. Additionally, subdirectories for support functions and test related header files are provided. The following table lists the test suites currently included with the RTEMS and the directory in which they may be located:

${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/libtests/: This directory contains the test suite for the various RTEMS support components.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/mptests/: This directory contains the test suite for the multiprocessor support in the Classic API. The tests provided address two node configurations and provide coverage for the multiprocessor code found in RTEMS.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/psxtests/: This directory contains the test suite for the RTEMS POSIX API.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/samples/: This directory provides sample application tests which aid in the testing a newly built RTEMS environment, a new BSP, or as starting points for the development of an application using the RTEMS executive. They are discussed in ::ref::Sample Applications.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/sptests/: This directory contains the test suite for the RTEMS Classic API when executing on a single processor. The tests were originally designed to provide near complete test coverage for the entire executive code. With the addition of multiple APIs, this is no longer the case as some SuperCore functionality is not available through the Classic API. Thus some functionality in the SuperCore is only covered by tests in the POSIX API Test Suites.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/support/: This directory contains support software and header files for the various test suites.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/tmtests/: This directory contains the timing test suite for the RTEMS Classic API. This include tests that benchmark each directive in the Classic API as well as a set of critical SuperCore functions. These tests are important for helping to verify that RTEMS performs as expected on your target hardware. It is not uncommon to discover mistakes in board initialization such as caching being disabled as a side-effect of analyzing the results of these tests.
${RTEMS_ROOT}/testsuites/tools/: This directory contains tools which execute on the development host and aid in executing and evaluating the results of the test suite. The tools difftest compares the output of one or more tests with the expected output. If you place the output of all the tmtests/ in a single file, then the utility sorttimes will be able to produce a report organizing the execution times by manager.